My previous attempt at asking this question failed in a manner that confuses me greatly, so I'm going to attempt to repair the question.
Suppose I'm taking a math test. I see that one of the questions is "Find the derivative of 1/cos(x^2)." I conclude that I should find the derivative of 1/cos(x^2). I then go on to actually do so. What is it that causes me (specifically, the proximate cause, not the ultimate) to go from concluding that I should do something to attempting to do it?
At the risk of providing a non-answer I'll say: Operant conditioning.
The test problem, the solving of it, and getting an answer correspond to a light coming on, pressing a lever, and getting food.
We've long since been trained that solving problems in that context build up token points that will pay out later in praise and promises of money.
Presumably this training translates fairly well to real world problems.
Here's our place to discuss Less Wrong topics that have not appeared in recent posts. Have fun building smaller brains inside of your brains (or not, as you please).