Lastly, in an airport where men were missing the urinals and peeing to the ground, an image of a fly on the urinal substantially decreased this utterly utterly unhygienic and terrible behavior.

In fact, this is readily explained by perceptual control theory! In a urinal without a reference target it is more difficult to aim near the center of the urinal bowl, so the probability that urine will be deflected outside the urinal increases.