I run into this problem every time I read anything on health or medicine (it seems limited to these topics).

This is an interesting point in itself. Why health and medicine?

Maybe causal inference is straight up more difficult in health and medicine: effects are smaller and more ambiguous than in hard sciences, and have many hard-to-manipulate causes that blur the signal.

There are borderline results in fields like physics, obviously, but they're usually more esoteric and tend to have relatively clear cut theory behind them (which is why I'd guess you're not too worried about, say, last year's ambiguous results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search), so they don't provoke so much back-and-forthing.

This leads me to a prediction: you'd have as much difficulty reading up on results in psychology and sociology as you do in health and medicine. As for what to do about it? Uh...not sure. I'm still chewing over this thread.