Dustin comments on Even if you have a nail, not all hammers are the same - Less Wrong
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My expectation is that in times of such plenty as the present, anyone not in poverty or following some very restricted diet will find it difficult not to get enough of everything.
In my case, I'm well-off and eat whatever I want, which is much the same range of things in much the same quantities, year after year. Therefore if I have a deficiency, it must be a chronic one. But I have no chronic health problems beyond slowly decaying teeth and the aftereffects of an acute illness many years ago of unknown aetiology. Therefore, I conclude, I experience no chronic dietary deficiency. (I have not seen dietary supplements touted as a cure for tooth decay, and I have seen everything touted as preventatives for diseases with no known cause.) I am over 50, so I think that's long enough a trial.
(Digression: fun fact for bright young things! Nearly everyone over 50 has at least something that has gone wrong with their bodies and will never be fixed. I suspect that not many young people in good health realise this. Barring radical advances in medical science, this is what you have to look forward to.)
There are those who say that health is more than just the absence of illness, but I've never been able to make out what they mean. Perhaps by "health" they mean being possessed of great physical energy and joie de vivre, rather than merely being free of identifiable problems, but I've never seen anyone attribute that to supplements except the people selling them. I haven't particularly looked, though.
Those of you who do take dietary supplements: in what ways do you feel different, depending on whether you take them or not?
I read Seth Roberts' blog, and this sounds like something he might have addressed, but Googling ["Seth Roberts" vitamins] didn't turn up anything.
I'm no expert by any means, but my general feeling is that most people today don't get everything they need. Especially if they eat whatever they want. We're not optimized to want what's best for us in today's world. For example, we want fatty foods and in today's environment such foods are over-available. Maybe someone with more knowledge can point to information on the subject.
However, I have always assumed (with no real knowledge one way or the other except for the fact that our bodies are complicated kludges) that being deficient in some nutrients can not only cause identifiable health problems, but can also cause other things that you may not want.
As an example, say that being deficient in Vitamin X ended up knocking 10 points off what your IQ could have been potentially. How would you know?
Being a non-expert in the field, and taking all the things you've talked about, leads me to take dietary supplements. (A multivitamin that at the moment I can't recall what it contains and a Vitamin D capsule daily) They are inexpensive (obscenely inexpensive if you're well-off), and as far as I can tell do no harm if I don't need them.