Great post (really could have used some editing, though).

Where do we go from here, though? What approaches look promising?

As one example, I would say that the extraordinarity bias is in fact a preference. Or consider the happiness paradox: People who become paralyzed become extremely depressed only temporarily; people who win the lottery become very happy only temporarily. (Google 'happiness "set-point"'.) I've previously argued on LessWrong that this is not a bias, but a heuristic to achieve our preferences.

To add to the list, I've suggested before that scope insensitivity is just part of our preferences. I choose the dust specks over torture.