My gut feeling is that the top-level post doesn't give a nice summary of what 'strong inference' actually is, so here's a snippet from Platt's paper that does:

Strong inference consists of applying the following steps to every problem in science, formally and explicitly and regularly:

1) Devising alternative hypotheses;

2) Devising a crucial experiment (or several of them), with alternative possible outcomes, each of which will, as nearly as possible, exclude one or more of the hypotheses;

3) Carrying out the experiment so as to get a clean result;

1') Recycling the procedure, making subhypotheses or sequential hypotheses to refine the problems that remain; and so on.

It is like climbing a tree.