Jonathan_Graehl comments on Compartmentalization in epistemic and instrumental rationality - Less Wrong
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People certainly don't need to make their emotional reactions rational if they don't want to - but they can do so to some extent when it helps. This is the cornerstone of things like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and much of pjeby's mind hacking.
It's hard to describe without going into huge detail but something that works is embracing the frustration in the full degree rather than flinching away from it. Then you can release it. Then rinse and repeat. The emotional trigger is reduced as your mind begins to realise that it really isn't as awful as you thought.
You can also harness the frustration into renewed motivation for reaching the generalised goal that hit a setback or localised failure. This is nearly (but not quite) the opposite of using the frustration to remove your desire for something.
I've also read about CBT and agree that it seems helpful. I took from it the idea that if you're avoiding some activity that you think you would probably benefit from, look at the reasons you think it will be hard/painful/whatever, and you should not only think about and defuse them purely intellectually, but also through practice (starting w/ milder efforts) get your toes wet in that direction, comparing the actual results to your overblown negative expectations.
Also, in my experience, I've never been disappointed when I honestly describe some negative emotional reaction I'm already having, and look for some insight into why I'm having it. That is, I'm already feeling terrible, and so coming up with true-seeming stories explaining the feeling (and perhaps deciding that I've learned something, or have some plan for doing better in the future) is a mild relief.
This reminds me of the popular "what is true is already so; owning up to it doesn't make it worse".
Also, see today's SMBC comic. His timing is incredible. :)