ChristianKl comments on Rational Health Optimization - Less Wrong
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Paleo is based on assumption that diets of agricultural era and modern diets are anything alike - they're not!
Agricultural era diets were based on around cereals, potatoes, etc., and we had thousands of years to adapt to them.
Modern diet are based on vegetable oil and sugar, and they're destroying everyone's health. I mean it by vegetable oil and sugar - these two categories account for 35.5% of all calories in an average American's diet, while cereals provided only 21.44%.
There's no good database of high quality data going back to 19th century and earlier (piecemal data exists, but it takes a lot of effort to gather), but FAO data from 1961 is really good. Countries that were poor back in 1961 are especially instructive. Like Japan where in 1961 cereals accounted for 60.34% of all calories, while 10.72% was vegetable oil+sugar. In 2005 this changed to 38.68% and 22.22% - still some way to go before reaching American values.
If anything, I'd recommend more bread, potatoes, cereals, and rice - we're not eating enough of them, and they're far richer in proteins and micronutrient rich than what people really consume these days.
Thousands of years is not much in evolutionary terms.
Though still long enough to adapt to a shift in diet.