The world isn't sufficiently formalized for us to meet that standard for any decision theory (though we come closer with CDT and TDT than with EDT, in my opinion). However, cousin_it has a few recent posts on formalized situations where an agent of a more TDT (actually, UDT) type does strictly better than a CDT one in the same situation. I don't know of any formalization (or any fuzzy real-world situation) where the opposite is true.
I apparently misled you by using that word "arbitrary". I'm not asking for solutions to soft problems that are difficult to formalize. Simply solutions to the standard kinds of games already formalized in game theory. For example, the game of Chicken). Can anyone point me to a description that tells me what play TDT would make in this game? Or what mixed strategy it would use? Both assuming and not assuming the reading of each other's code.
ETA: Slightly more interesting than the payoff matrix shown in the wikipedia article is the case when...
A monthly thread for posting rationality-related quotes you've seen recently (or had stored in your quotesfile for ages).