I would like to understand and know more about those concepts (as well as TDT that's often mentioned here). I have a minor in mathematics, but I still feel like I can't do the real math unless it's explained to me step by step. I often try to understand various concepts by going to respective wiki pages but my eyes quickly glaze over and I lose interest.

It would be nice if someone described these concepts starting with what problem we are trying to solve, some possible approaches, and then discuss the specific approach. I think it's safe to assume knowledge of algebra and calculus, but all other concepts I think should be introduced and explained.