- There are certain acts that are detrimental to the sustained existence of human society.
- These acts are often highly beneficial to individual humans who commit them.
- Society must substantially prevent these acts from occurring.
This gives a reason it might be instrumentally good to punish someone, but it's only good so long as it's necessary to prevent those acts. If there are better ways to prevent them, or punishing them isn't sufficiently effective, then punishing them is a bad idea.
Carrying out just punishment does increase utility (there are interesting prisoner's dilemma parallels here) in the aggregate in the long run, and thus we assign positive moral value to it.
We need to distinguish between terminal values and instrumental values. If you mean that it has a positive instrumental value, that means that we don't imprison them because they should be punished. We do it for the greater good. If you mean that it has a positive terminal value just because it leads to something with a positive terminal value, that would logically result in each link of a chain of events resulting in something with a positive terminal value to increase the total terminal value exponentially.
I'm curious as to an alternative approach. What would you do with thieves, murderers, and rapists, that can actually be done with existing technology?
The issue here isn't whether or not punishing people deters crime. It's whether or not we are punishing people with the intention of reducing crime.
If punishing people is more cost-effective (counting their own unhappiness as cost) than giving them a psychiatrist and trying to reform them, so be it. If not, let's give them a psychiatrist instead.
Trying to reform them.
This is ignoring my (2) - those acts are individually beneficial. I want a nice watch. I steal a nice watch. It's unclear how a psychiatrist is going to be particularly helpful here, if there's no punishment. Moreover, what if I don't want to go to the psychiatrist? Am I allowed to wander around freely before I finish my sessions? What if he can't help me? Ultimately, the psychiatrist is still a punishment - I'm being compelled to go even if I otherwise might not. The fact that it's a much nicer punishment than prison doesn't chang...
Why do those words go together?
Society - and for once, I'm using this term universally - teaches that, if you committed a crime, you should be punished.
But in some societies, we have an insanity defense. If you had a brain condition so that you had no - here it's a little vague - consciousness, or moral sense, or free will, or, well, something - then it would be cruel to punish you for your crime. Instead of going to prison, you should be placed somewhere where you can't hurt anybody, where professional physicians and counselors can study your case and try to reform you so that you can rejoin society.
Wait - so that isn't what prison is for?
No. Prison is to punish people. Is it any wonder that prison doesn't reform people, when we don't want it to reform them? Most people would be upset if prisoners could go in on Friday, and emerge, rehabilitated, on Sunday. When people say, "It would be cruel to punish people who aren't responsible for their actions", they are implicitly saying, "Prison is necessarily cruel; and that's good, because we should be cruel to criminals who are responsible for their actions."
But the more we learn about psychology and neuroscience, the further responsibility recedes into the distance.
Outcome-based justice argues that we should give up playing the blame game, because neuroscience keeps finding more and more proofs that things are "not our fault". Instead, we should write laws that deter crime.
You might think this is what we already try to do. But it isn't! Witness this confused article from the Brookings Institute, Cognitive Neuroscience and the Future of Punishment by O. Carter Snead. Snead objects to outcome-based justice. He summarized all of the arguments for it, yet managed to completely miss their point, concluding where he started from, saying that outcome-based justice is obviously bad because it could lead to being cruel to people who didn't deserve it. (Instead of only being cruel to the people who do deserve it, which is obviously what we want to do.)
Snead understands that outcome-based justice deters crime:
You might expect that Snead goes on to explain why these laws are bad things. But he doesn't! He assumes we can all see that these are obviously bad things.
The Wrath of Kahneman describes a study which asked whether people punish others in order to deter crime, and concluded, No. People are doing something else.
One theory is that people are trying to be fair. Everyone should get the same chances; everyone should get the same punishment for the same crime. John Rawls argues this explicitly in Justice as Fairness: Justice should not be utilitarian, but should instead be fair.
I believe Rawls' view is also the popular view of what "justice" means. And, I will argue in a later post, it is part of a pattern showing a deep divide between two different ways of using the word "ethics".
ADDED: Constant made the point that, while one part of outcome-based justice is preventing future harm from the criminal on the dock, another part is deterring harm by other criminals. This latter part does not benefit from punishing criminals who cannot be deterred. Thus, to optimally punish both criminals who can and cannot be deterred, the law requires a concept of moral culpability, and should punish criminals who can't be deterred more lightly. This is a better origin story for the linking together of morality and free will than the just-so story I'd come up with, so I plan on stealing it for my next post. (SilasBarta may have been trying to make the same point, but I found his comments impenetrable.)
(This post is laying groundwork for two other posts that will go in different directions, neither of which concerns justice.)