On the reality of collective responsibility and collective guilt:

We will not be silent. We are your bad conscience. The White Rose will not leave you in peace!

5th leaflet by the White Rose, Munich, 1943.

...The German people slumber on in their dull, stupid sleep and encourage these fascist criminals … Each man wants to be exonerated of a guilt of this kind, each one continues on his way with the most placid, the calmest conscience. But he cannot be exonerated; he is guilty, guilty, guilty!

2nd leaflet.

You can't really measure the effect of this kind of resistance in whether or not X number of bridges were blown up or a regime fell... The White Rose really has a more symbolic value, but that's a very important value.

• Dr. Jud Newborn, Holocaust scholar