http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/6/108655-qa-a-lifelong-learner/fulltext

Wow, this is quite interesting. What are your thoughts?

You made a number of important contributions to parallel computing in the 1980s. Can you tell me about your more recent work in that arena?

The root problem with parallel machines has not been that any one is inherently bad, but more that it is difficult to make sense of them as a totality. The most striking fact about sequential machines is that they are all the same—they emulate the von Neumann abstraction. This sameness has been vital to the growth of computing since it has enabled us to write portable software for this abstraction and make machines to emulate it. Thus the von Neumann model has served as the vital "bridging model" between the software and hardware.

I have been long interested in the question of whether a similarly effective bridging model exists for parallel machines and what that might be. Parallelism has now arrived with multiple cores in our laptops. My view is that the irresistible driving forces that have brought this about have been the imperatives of physics. It follows, I think, that we have to look to the driving physical limitations to see what is most fundamental about parallel computing. Computation, communication, synchronization, and memory all need various resources, which in turn are limited by the physical arrangements of the devices. The sought-after bridging model has to account for these costs. We have been spoiled over the last 60-odd years by having an abstraction as simple as the von Neumann model suffice. Life will become a little more complicated now. The absence of an accepted bridging model is evident even at the theoretical level of algorithms.

My most recent work addresses these issues via a particular proposed bridging model, called the Multi-BSP, which tries to capture the physical limitations of machines as simply as possible. It uses barrier synchronization in a hierarchical manner and idealizes a machine as a set of numerical parameters that specify a point in the space of possible machines. Mention of the many architectural details of current machines that are not inevitably suggested by physics is deliberately omitted.

Let's talk about your most recent work in computational neuroscience. Can you explain the "neuroidal model" you developed in your book Circuits of the Mind?

The neuroidal model is designed to describe how basic computational tasks are carried out in the brain at the level of neurons. We do not know what changes the brain undergoes when it memorizes a new word or makes a new association. We need some language for describing the alternative algorithms that a network of neurons may be implementing. Memorizing a new word is easy enough for a computer, but it is still mysterious how the brain does it. Devising algorithms that do not obviously contradict biology is not easy, because biology appears very constrained. Each neuron is connected to only a small fraction of the others, and its influence on each of those is believed to be weak on the average.

You also developed a formal system called robust logics that seeks to reconcile what you've described as "the apparent logical nature of reasoning and the statistical nature of learning."

Robust logic is aimed at tasks which we do not understand how to do on any computational device, let alone the brain. The tasks in question are those of reasoning using information that is learned from experience and therefore uncertain. Humans manage to make effective decisions even in an uncertain world and even with only partial knowledge. This skill is close to the heart of intelligence, I believe, and understanding it better raises some fundamental scientific questions.