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It seems to me that whether or not something is good social practice is distinct from whether or not it involves cognitive bias. BTW, I like the robe; it is everything I imagined it would be.

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11 LW systemic bias: US centrism

by lucidfox

19th Jul 2011

1 min read

11

Recently, I have noticed a cultural bias for the United States running through LW threads. It is perhaps to be expected of an English-language website, but for one that is about, among other things, overcoming bias, it is important to recognize one's own.

Aspects of the bias I have observed include:

Using Imperial units over the SI system, which is the standard for scientific literature and discussion.
Presuming the US by default when it is assumed that no country name needs to be given.
Expecting reader familiarity with US-specific cultural concepts.
A tendency to focus on the US first and foremost when talking about worldwide problems and scenarios.

I'm not the first to raise such concerns, either.

By comparison, e.g. the English Wikipedia strikes me as an example of an international English-language project that's relatively successful at recognizing and fighting systemic bias, and a whole set of template messages to mark articles with identified problems.

To quote Wikipedia itself:

The average Wikipedian on the English Wikipedia is (1) a male, (2) technically inclined, (3) formally educated, (4) an English speaker (native or non-native), (5) European–descent, (6) aged 15–49, (7) from a majority-Christian country, (8) from a developed nation, (9) from the Northern Hemisphere, and (10) likely employed as a white-collar worker or enrolled as a student rather than employed as a labourer.

The reason I haven't mentioned other obvious biases, such as gender, age, education, or First World biases, is because those (in my experience) tend to be more subtle here on LW and because I'm myself subject to some of them. However, I might cook something up on them later.

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[-]MixedNuts13y260

Re: units, I think we should act like TV Tropes with British vs American spelling: people use their native ones, they're encouraged to provide equivalents in the other common system but not punished for not doing so, and punished for complaining.

I think assuming familiarity with US culture is fair game, because it's everywhere. Then again, I also think assuming familiarity with thermodynamics, psychiatry, current world-impact affairs, or Belgian comics are fair game as long as there are enough keywords to look up.

Otherwise, IAWYC. It's even more frustrating because I exhibit it myself a lot (e.g. automatically assuming American attitudes to various minorities), and I've never even been to the US. And I'm reluctant to write "American" because what about the rest of the continent.

Possible cures include:

Watching out for it (well duh)
A handful of explicit norms - roughly, don't assume any country as default, and gently point out when other people do it; but keep your own national norms when they're not too stupid (e.g. no site-wide conversion to British spelling, SI units, or Lojban), though cultural translations are welcome
Increased exposure to other countries' culture (if I can become US-centric that way, why not the reverse?)
When talking about problems that concern a country, compare two countries (or more); this should cause you to notice you were only thinking of the US
When you have expertise in something, check its domain of application, including country and culture; e.g. notice by "actors" you mean "Hollywood actors"

(Also, lose the "hey, this is about overcoming bias" line. Saying something is a bias and why is enough, we know biases are bad.)

[-]Wei Dai13y130

According to Wikipedia:

Cultural bias occurs when people of a culture make assumptions about conventions, including conventions of language, notation, proof and evidence. They are then accused of mistaking these assumptions for laws of logic or nature.

It seems to me that cultural bias isn't so bad, as long as we don't make this mistake, and the examples you give do not seem to constitute evidence that this kind of mistake has been made.

[-]wedrifid13y10

According to Wikipedia:

Cultural bias occurs when people of a culture make assumptions about conventions, including conventions of language, notation, proof and evidence. They are then accused of mistaking these assumptions for laws of logic or nature.

This is precisely what I observe happening here at times.

[-][anonymous]13y00

I would be interested in a few examples.

[-]wedrifid13y20

I honestly have little idea what wedrifid_2011 was talking about. At least, I can see various things which fit but I'm not really sure which of the points he was trying to make.

[-][anonymous]13y00

Well I'd still be interested in what things wedrifid_2012 think might fit: :

Cultural bias occurs when people of a culture make assumptions about conventions, including conventions of language, notation, proof and evidence. They are then accused of mistaking these assumptions for laws of logic or nature.

On LessWrong. Generally speaking I'm willing to accept wedrifid 2012 March as a good approximation of wedrifid 2011July.

[-]wedrifid13y00

I would perhaps say that while overall wedrifid is very similar to the wedrifid from the aforementioned July, the cache of things that have recently irritated him is somewhat different. I also haven't read the context here recently so as to most effectively re-prime myself. Let me take another glance.

[-]Richard_Kennaway13y-10

Quote from Shaw.

[-]jsalvatier13y120

Survey for LWers from outside the US: how off putting are instances of this bias?

Note that this measure will tend to underestimate how offputting it is since people who are put off will tend to participate less.

Results as of 7/20/2011:

68% Little
22% Moderately
10% Very

[-]jsalvatier13y370

Little or not at all off-putting.

[-]jsalvatier13y160

Moderately off-putting.

[-]Oscar_Cunningham13y150

international LWers

Intentional irony?

[-]wedrifid13y20

international LWers
Intentional irony?

Well spotted! I didn't even notice.

[-]jsalvatier13y10

No, I wasn't sure how to phrase that. Suggestions?

[-]JoshuaZ13y90

"LWers from outside the US"?

[-]FiftyTwo13y70

UK reader, not noticed any particularly american bias,

Would suspect there is a 'western' english speaker bias to quite a lot of it though,

[-]jsalvatier13y60

Very off-putting.

[-]Thomas13y10

I see no American bias here. See some others, but not that one. (As an EU located one.)

[-]DanielVarga13y10

Not off putting at all. From Hungary.

[-]jsalvatier13y00

Not off-putting.

[This comment is no longer endorsed by its author]Reply

[+]jsalvatier13y-350

[-]cousin_it13y110

The C2 wiki has invented a beautiful name for this concept and gathered lots of examples: American Cultural Assumption. (Do Americans realize that words like "primaries", "cheerleaders" or "curveball" are incomprehensible to most of the world?) That said, as a Russian living in Switzerland, I'm not too worried about this sort of cultural bias. I generally don't even notice it until someone points it out. The only case in recent memory that really made me cringe was when Google decided to remind me about something called "Father's Day".

[-]MixedNuts13y50

Primaries, cheerleaders and Father's Day exist in most of Western Europe (though primaries are a recent import from the US).

[-]Barry_Cotter13y40

I'm quite familiar with the political culture in Ireland and Britain; they don't have primaries in anything strongly resembling the American sense. I'm willing to say the same for Germany but I'm not as sure. Actually, now that I think about it, I would be incredibly surprised if any country in Europe, east or west has primaries like in the US. After all people don't register as members of a political party when they register as voters.

I would also be surprised if cheerleaders existed in anything approaching the way they do in the US in Europe, seeing as no team sports with long periods of no motion/play are popular in Europe.

Father's Day is popular in some European countries, so in my eyes you're one for three.

[-]MixedNuts13y20

The French Socialist Party) (which is not socialist, but social-democratic) is the main left-wing party in France, and holds primaries sort of like in the US. Registering as a member of a party is independent from registering as a voter, and indeed fewer people do it, so the primary is much smaller.

Cheerleading is much less intense and developed here, but there's a cheerleading club in e.g. every major engineering school. It's not nearly as competitive, though.

[-]Barry_Cotter13y00

Our conceptions of what the words "primary" mean are so varied that I still disagree with you right now. My disagreement would decrease if registering to vote in the socialist "primary" did not require paying membership dues. To my knowledge all of the UK and Irish political parties require candidates to be selected by the local committee of the constituency in which they wish to stand. I do not consider this a primary.

I stand behind my careful cavilling/weaselling on cheerleaders though; when I think of cheerleading I think of American Football not Bring It On

[-]MrMind13y20

It's noteworthy that in Italy we know about primaries (even if only half the political world employs it) and Father's day, but we have no cheerleaders. But don't worry: Italians being what they are, we invented plenty other ways to objectify women.

[-]cousin_it13y00

Hm. You're technically right, but... Well, you could say that the Russian orthodox church exists in the US too. But not quite in the same way that it exists in Russia.

(comment retracted because I don't want to argue)

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[-]SilasBarta13y00

(Do Americans realize that words like "primaries", "cheerleaders" or "curveball" are incomprehensible to most of the world?)

I realized that references to "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" would be America-centric, but then I saw you do this.

[-]Jayson_Virissimo13y100

Aspects of the bias I have observed include: Presuming the US by default when it is assumed that no country name needs to be given.

Presuming the US when no country is named is statistical discrimination (not a bias).

Most Less Wrong users are from the US.

X is a Less Wrong user.

Probably, X is from the US.

What, if anything, is biased about this pattern of reasoning?

[-]Hyena13y80

Wouldn't it be more likely that, since the majority of LessWrong users are from the US, most posts are US-centric because that's what the poster himself is familiar with?

I mean, certainly we could pose a line of reasoning to create a post hoc justification for the practice, but what seems more likely is that US-centric posts are reflective of poster, not audience, knowledge. Unless you think we'd have reason to suppose that posters would readily be plucking examples, etc. from their immense knowledge of the UK or Nepal.

[-]SilasBarta13y50

Presuming a poster is male when no gender is given is statistical discrimination (not a bias).

Most Less Wrong users are male.

X is a Less Wrong user.

Probably, X is male.

What, if anything, is biased about this pattern of reasoning?

[-]Jayson_Virissimo13y40

Correct, that is another instance of the same reasoning pattern with high inductive probability. I see no evidence of cognitive bias in either case.

[-]MixedNuts13y60

(Picture me saying this in dramatic tones, standing on a podium wearing robes and frequently howling "Fools!")

For a perfect Bayesian, it works. For humans, not so much. Just having a category exist makes us develop silly beliefs around it. If they're categories of people, we start loving our category and hating others - the ingroup/outgroup dichotomy. We treat ourselves as default and other, er, others, increasing the status differential. If a power structure already exists on top on that, forget it. It's really not innocent.

[-]Jayson_Virissimo13y40

It seems to me that whether or not something is good social practice is distinct from whether or not it involves cognitive bias. BTW, I like the robe; it is everything I imagined it would be.

[-]magfrump13y00

Upvoted for the flavor text and the anvilicious necessity.

[-]SilasBarta13y50

My point is that the fact that the probabilistic inference is valid does not imply that you should e.g. use examples that assume the user is that way, which was the reason you were making that point to begin with. I can safely assume that an unknown user is male. Doesn't mean I should use male-experience specific examples for elucidation.

[-]Jayson_Virissimo13y20

See here (minus the part about the robe). My response was about whether a certain presumption was biased, not whether it was an optimal social norm.

[-]Oscar_Cunningham13y20

The point is that even though the majority of the audience is American, it (often) still isn't optimal to use US-centric terms and ideas.

[-]Jayson_Virissimo13y10

Agreed, but I was responding specifically to the assertion of bias I quoted in my comment, not the underlying point of the post.

[-]dbaupp13y60

Another instance I recently noticed, and reacted moderately strongly against, was this post and its comments, where there is the implicit assumption that voting (for political candidates) is voluntary, and the discussion makes no consideration of compulsory voting.

The main reason I reacted against it was that the assumption was implicit, (mainly since nature of the discussion is not relevant to systems with compulsory voting).

[-]saturn13y80

But only 12 countries have enforced compulsory voting, out of ~150 democratic countries.

[-]dbaupp13y60

Oh, I had no idea that it was that low. I'd though most of europe used compulsory voting.

Although, according to the wikipedia article, there are an additional 21 countries that have compulsory voting but don't enforce it. Which suggests that there are at least 2 billion people who live in a system with some sort of compulsory voting, and a bit under 400 million have enforced compulsory voting (I checked the populations of some of the countries).

(For what it's worth, I'm in Australia (with compulsory voting), so that would have contributed to my reaction.)

[-]roystgnr13y40

And zero countries have compulsory voter research. If you take the question "what's my rational incentive to spend an hour in line at the poll after spending several hours sieving through ads news and spin to find facts about candidates", and you remove the "hour in line" part, the decision problem is pretty similar at the personal level.

At the social level, "what is the impact of encouraging more votes from people who won't voluntarily spend time on voting" is an interesting question, but I don't think that's the discussion the linked post was trying to have.

[-]sixes_and_sevens13y60

I often feel quite self-conscious when I spell it "maths". That's about the height of it.

[-]Nisan13y-10

I like your username.

[-]sixes_and_sevens13y20

Thank you.

[-]handoflixue13y50

Your examples all come from the Discussion area. Are there examples in the Sequences or Promoted posts that you feel still suffer from this? Have you run in to issues with "main" posts where the authors reaction is anything other than "oh, thanks, let me fix that"?

I don't think policing the Discussion area is a worthwhile community goal.

I'll go ahead and just quote my original response to you:

People in the US use imperial measures as their native units. I doubt anyone on this site uses arshins and sazhens as their primary day-to-day measure of objects. Asking someone in the casual discussion area to translate out of their native units, for your convenience, when probably half of this site uses those units, is selfish.

If half the site were dominated by pre-revolution Russians I would (a) be very confused and (b) once I accepted that this wasn't a hoax, I'd use Google to learn the local vernacular rather than expecting them to cater to me.

[-]lucidfox13y10

I don't see discussion posts as being inherently of lesser value and lesser impact to readers than promoted posts. I judge posts based on their content and the points they bring up, not by their location on the site.

[-]moridinamael13y50

Might this be one of those instances where it is globally better for the annoyed party (non-US LWers) to self-modify to accept that everybody uses language from a inside a cultural framework, rather than to request that the majority self-modify to implement not-really-well-specified "universal" norms for English?

As an American engineer I personally think we should all use S.I., but it doesn't do any good to correct people who use English units, unless I take the full effort of convincing them that a consistent unit system is actually more powerful.

[-]dbaupp13y10

I think the problem is the definitely not the language. From the original post:

Presuming the US by default when it is assumed that no country name needs to be given.

Expecting reader familiarity with US-specific cultural concepts.

A tendency to focus on the US first and foremost when talking about worldwide problems and scenarios.

Expecting people to self-modify to "correct" these is wrong, although I don't think you were suggesting this.

(EDIT: read "wrong" as "unreasonable")

[-]lucidfox13y00

How exactly is it wrong?

[-]MixedNuts13y20

If non-US users modify not to be annoyed by these, then:

Expecting reader familiarity with US-specific cultural concepts.

Readers will keep having to look them up, which they'll still find annoying (unless the self-modification is really big).

A tendency to focus on the US first and foremost when talking about worldwide problems and scenarios.

Suggestions will keep being tailored to the US, leading to a lack of general solutions and custom solutions for other countries.

OTOH, I'm not sure what's wrong with self-modifying to not be annoyed when American users have GetDefaultCountry() return "USA".

[-]dbaupp13y10

OTOH, I'm not sure what's wrong with self-modifying to not be annoyed when American users have GetDefaultCountry() return "USA".

Nothing, I was thinking about the issue in the wrong way and so I have ameliorated my response accordingly.

[-]dbaupp13y00

Hmmm... on reflection, "wrong" is too strong.

I was thinking that it was that people would have to self-modify to adopt US culture. But, actually thinking about what was being said (thanks, MixedNuts) and what I quoted indicates that it was just self-modifying to become familiar with the concepts.

I still think this is unreasonable, due to, for example, the amount of effort it would take to get decent coverage across all areas of the culture, i.e. it's much easier for US users to make a few annotations ("in the USA", or "governor of Massachusetts", to increase googleability at least).

[-]diegocaleiro13y40

The bias of describing earnings annually is one that always struck me as american fun. It is widespread stereotype that americans are workaholic (when they obviously needn't).

Without considering the degree of truth of the stereotype, it relates strongly in my mind with the fact that they are always speakind of income as yearly, not monthly, like most people I know, nor Daily, like Ferriss recommends, very wisely, I think.

[-]Armok_GoB13y30

This quite often annoys me quite a bit. PLEASE fix it.

[-][anonymous]13y10

@Lucidfox: Why are you complaining? Amerika ist wundrebar.

It is a profound, if unsurprising, irony that in order to get the message of the video, one must be Americanized to a remarkable degree, yet also resent it.

Much like the OP.

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