Michaelos comments on Human consciousness as a tractable scientific problem - Less Wrong
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There are in fact some plausible scientific hypotheses that try to isolate particular physical states associated with "qualia". Without giving references to those, obviously, as I'm sure you'll all agree, there is no reason to debate the truth of physicalism.
The mentioned approach is probably bogus, and seems to be a rip-off of Marvin Minsky's older A-B brain ideas in "The Society of Mind". I wish I were a "cognitive scientist" it would be so much easier to publish!
However, needless to say any such hypothesis must be founded on the correct philosophical explanation, which is pretty much neurophysiological identity theory. I don't see a need to debate that, either. Debates of dualism etc. are for the weak minded.
Furthermore, awareness is not quite the same thing as phenomenal consciousness, either. Awareness itself is a quite high cognitive function. But a system could have phenomenal consciousness without any discernible perceptual awareness. I suspect that these theories are not sufficiently informed by neuroscience and philosophy, but neither am I going to offer free clues about the solution to that :) For now, let us just say that it is entirely plausible that small nervous systems (like that of an insect) with no possibility of higher order representations still may have subjective experience. There is also a hint of anthropocentricism in the cited approach (we're conscious because we can make those higher order representations...), which I usually think points to the falsehood of a theory of mind (similar errors are often seen on this site, as well).
Is Dennett to blame here? I hope not :/ Dennett has many excellent ideas, but his approach to consciousness may push the people the wrong way (as it has some flavor of behaviorism, which is not the most advanced view).
I was looking some things up after you mentioned this, and after reading a bit about it, qualia appears to be extremely similar to sensory memory.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_memory)
These quotes about them from Wikipedia(with the names removed) seem to do a good job describing the similarity:
'The information represented in ### is the "raw data" which provides a snapshot of a person's overall sensory experience.' 'Another way of defining ### is as "raw feels." A raw feel is a perception in and of itself, considered entirely in isolation from any effect it might have on behavior and behavioral disposition.'
If you think about this in P-zombie terms, and someone attempts to say "A P-zombie is a person who has sensory memory, but not qualia." I'm not sure what would even be the difference between that and a regular person. Either one can call on their sensory memory to say "I am experiencing redness right now, and now I am experiencing my experiences of redness" and it would seem to be correct if that is what is in their sensory memory. There doesn't appear to be anything left for qualia to explain, and it feels a lot like the question is dissolved at that point.
Is this approximately correct, or is there something else that qualia attempts to explain that sensory memory doesn't that I'm not perceiving?
Subjective experience isn't limited to sensory experience, a headache, or any feeling, like happiness, without any sensory reason, would also count. The idea is that you can trace most of those to electrical/biochemical states. Might be why some drugs can make you feel happy and how anesthetics work!