It is apparent from the ongoing rhesus monkey study that the calorie-restricted animals are much healthier and suffer fewer age-related frailties than the ad-libs.
Then why wasn't total mortality lower?
I think the Okinawans are a fine example of mild-moderate CR in practice.
Were. http://articles.sfgate.com/2004-04-04/news/17420824_1_urasoe-japan-naha-okinawa :
After long ranking No. 1 in life expectancy in Japan, or near the top, Okinawa's men have plummeted in recent years to No. 26, a spot that has put them ignominiously in the bottom half of Japan's 47 administrative regions. Okinawa's women are still No. 1, but they too are almost certain to slip over the next decade, experts warn.
The fall has coincided, not surprisingly, with Okinawans' emergence as Japan's fattest people. Perhaps equally unsurprising is that waists have widened as Okinawans, ruled directly by the United States from the end of World War II to 1972, have, of all Japanese, most closely adopted the American lifestyle of cars, suburban malls and fast food.
More recent; "An Age of Centenarians ? Lifelong Learning Policies and Ageing"PETER_JARVIS.pdf) slide 18
The Reality:
- But by 2005 changes were taking place amongst the Okinawans – some 100,000 emigrated to Brazil and they immediately assumed a Brazilian diet and the life expectancy of these Okinawans is now 17 years lower than that previously in Okinawa –
- but things are also changing in Okinawa too: the younger generation have discovered fast food and men under 50 in Okinawa now have Japan's highest rates of obesity, heart disease and premature death (Wiseman, 2008 [2002]).
Then why wasn't total mortality lower?
Well, it was. 21/38 control animals and 14/38 experimental animals had died when they published in 2009. The statistical significance of that is .16.
(Of course, if you extend the study, mortality becomes 100%. Why they measure this as mortality percentages rather than lifespan distributions is beyond me.) [EDIT] It looks like they do actually plan to report lifespan distributions, once all the subjects are dead.