There are a lot of short-term high-interest loans, which take the form of credit card debt, payday loans, refund anticipation loans, installment plans, and so on. Refund anticipation loans are probably the closest to pure temporal discounting - that's where a tax preparer like H&R Block offers a customer who is due a $X refund from the government a choice between getting that $X later or getting $Y right now instead (in the form of a loan for $Y, which will be repaid by handing over the $X tax refund once it comes in). These examples at least suggest a high discount rate, although they don't definitively point to a hyperbolic shape.

There are a few reasons why these kinds of high-interest loans aren't more common. One is that it's hard to sell a short-term loan to someone with money in the bank, so they mostly target poor people. A second is the point that vi21maobk9vp makes: there's a somewhat competitive market so businesses need to compete by lowering their interest rate (a person who is willing to borrow at a 100% rate will still choose the loan with a 20% rate if they have that option). Also, governments try to put a stop to lending that they see as predatory; for instance, there has been a crackdown on refund anticipation loans over the past few years.

These examples only show high discount rates, not the preference reversal that is characteristic of hyperbolic discounting. But a business model that relies on getting your customers to change their minds (and explicitly reverse their prior decision) seems hard to pull off, and the profit comes from the customers' high-discounting decisions so the incentives aren't really there to try to induce a visible preference reversal.