Second, we will not assume that human intelligence is realized by a classical computation system, nor that intelligent machines will have internal mental properties like consciousness or "understanding." Such factors are mostly irrelevant to the occurrence of a singularity, so objections to these claims (Lucas 1961; Dreyfus 1972; Searle 1980; Block 1981; Penrose 1994; Van Gelder and Port 1995) are not objections to the singularity.

Zing.

There are many types of AI. To name just three:

Why these three? I mean, whole brain emulation AIs look like a pretty strict subset of 'opaque' AIs.

Williams 2011 prediction markets theory and applications

Does that cover the long-term prediction problems with prediction markets like no interest on deposits?