Here are examples of these philosophical solutions. I don't know which of these he solved personally, and which he simply summarized others' answer to:
What is free will? Ooops, wrong question. Free will is what a decision-making algorithm feels like from the inside.
What is intelligence? The ability to optimize things.
What is knowledge? The ability to constrain your expectations.
What should I do with the Newcomb's Box problem? TDT answers this.
...other examples include inventing Fun theory, using CEV to make a better version of utilitarianism, and arguing for ethical injunctions using TDT.
And so on. I know he didn't come up with these on his own, but at the least he brought them all together and argued convincingly for his answers in the Sequences.
I've been trying to figure out these problems for years. So have lots of philosophers. I have read these various philosophers' proposed solutions, and disagreed with them all. Then I read Eliezer, and agreed with him. I feel that this is strong evidence that Eliezer has actually created something of value.
The ability to optimize things
...efficiently.
What is knowledge? The ability to constrain your expectations.
Most readers will misinterpret that.
What should I do with the Newcomb's Box problem? TDT answers this.
The question for most was/is instead "Formally, why should I one-box on Newcomb's problem?"
I intended Leveling Up in Rationality to communicate this:
But some people seem to have read it and heard this instead:
This failure (on my part) fits into a larger pattern of the Singularity Institute seeming too arrogant and (perhaps) being too arrogant. As one friend recently told me:
So, I have a few questions: