See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism for your last question (it's a general term).
The answer to your "Is there a name..." question is "no" - AFAIK.
The answer to your "Is there a name..." question is "no" - AFAIK.
I get the impression that most people around here approach morality from that perspective, it seems like something that ought to have a name.
...has finally been published.
Contents:
The issue consists of responses to Chalmers (2010). Future volumes will contain additional articles from Shulman & Bostrom, Igor Aleksander, Richard Brown, Ray Kurzweil, Pamela McCorduck, Chris Nunn, Arkady Plotnitsky, Jesse Prinz, Susan Schneider, Murray Shanahan, Burt Voorhees, and a response from Chalmers.
McDermott's chapter should be supplemented with this, which he says he didn't have space for in his JCS article.