JoshuaZ comments on Modest Superintelligences - Less Wrong
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So the Protestants had 500 years to do so and they didn't do it. But the really relevant group above is the Russian Orthodox who didn't start heavy persecution of Jews until later, and did so generally after absorbing memes from Catholics.
While most people who know about Cathars probably know that they were wiped out by the Catholic Church, you are likely overestimating how many people know about them at all.
Actually, similar institutions existed elsewhere, especially in the Islamic world. The House of Wisdom functioned in many ways very similar to a university. By many accounts, Al-Karouine is the oldest university in existence, and clearly predates the European universities. There's a serious argument that Islamic schools played a vital role in influencing the establishment of universities in Christendom (although I think the influence here is probably often overstated).
What obvious reasons? Question: if you somehow time traveled back to 1491 and the pope asked you whether he should endorse a new Inquisition in Spain, would you tell him yes?
Responding to your ETA remark, I think you really don't get the problem. Aside from the potential problem of projection. Essentially you made an extremely positive remark about the Catholic Church and then aren't apparently seriously defending it while claiming that criticism is somehow a "fight' between which "side" is better. But that's not the issue here. The issue here is that you said that the Catholic Church had an "absurdly good" track record. You didn't say that it was better than some others or that on balance it has done more good than harm (both of which are not unreasonable claims), but rather you made a much stronger claim. And that claim simply doesn't hold ground. The Catholic Church like most other religions and long-term institutions is a mixed bag. There's been good and there's been bad. They've helped preserve learning and they've burned books, they've saved lives and they've taken them. That's not "absurdly good" by any reasonable notion of that term.
So in my head I was comparing the Church to, say, communism, which is where I got the "absurdly good" idea. Communists killed roughly 5,000 times as many people as the various Catholic inquisitions. But in retrospect that wasn't a very fair comparison, and so I repent of it. Mea culpa.
If the Catholic Church tried to kill heretics in modern times, it would first have to declare war on the entirety of the United Nations. ...Surely it is clear why this would not accomplish anything useful.
Reservedly but emphatically yes. I suspect the Church's involvement in the Spanish Inquisition, however limited, saved many lives and prevented costly wars.
I'm curious if you've read Pinker's "The Better Angels of Our Nature". A major part of how humans have become less peaceful is that we're less willing to kill over ideas, whether those ideas are religious or ideological in nature.
I haven't read it, but I've seen various discussions about it, and I'm most willing to trust Vladimir_M's opinion on the subject.