There's also a similar concept in Accel World (dealing with a VR world with a speedup of 10,000) and the later novels of Sword Art Online (Alicization, specifically), which is set earlier on the same timeline.

It's not entirely obvious why there are no apparent consequences to society as a whole, but it definitely affects the characters who get trapped there, who end up variously between a decade and several hundred years older than their apparent age.

That universe also makes uploading much easier than ours. They may appear human, but their brains don't work on quite the same principles as ours.

That's true, The Clockwork Rocket is a clear example of the 'exploiting time acceleration for practical use', but note that it does this by either biting bullets or working around them: everyone on the rocket expects to die of aging or worse, and the research is only plausible because a good chunk of the world's researchers are apparently on board.