In the notation of that post, I'd say I am interested mostly in the argument over "Whether a Bayesian or frequentist algorithm is better suited to solving a particular problem", generalized over a wide range of problems. And the sort of frequentism I have in mind seems to be "frequentist guarantee" - the process of taking data and making inferences from it on some quantity of interest, and the importance to be given to guarantees on the process.
How wide a range did you have in mind? It's certainly not the case that Bayesian methods are universally better than frequentist ones.
Question in title.
This is obviously subjective, but I figure there ought to be some "go-to" paper. Maybe I've even seen it once, but can't find it now and I don't know if there's anything better.
Links to multiple papers with different focus would be welcome. For my current purpose I have a preference for one that aims low and isn't too long.