The most apt description I've found is something along the lines of "consciousness is what information-processing feels like from the inside."
It's not just about the what a brain does, because a simulated brain would still be conscious, despite not being made of neurons. It's about certain kinds of patterns of thought (not the physical neural action, but thought as in operation performed on data). Human brains have it, insects don't, anything in between is something for actual specialists to discuss. But what it is - the pattern of data processing - isn't all that mysterious.
Okay but why does information processing feel like anything at all? There are cognitive processes that are information processing but you are not conscious of them.
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