The most famous paradigmatic example is Moore's law, which predicts that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. The law itself stood up quite well until about 2005, but broke down after that (see here for a detailed overview of the breakdown by Sebastian Nickel)

Thanks! But as you know my overview you link to is about the breakdown of Dennard Scaling, which is related to but really quite distinct from Moore's Law. I'm not sure how much this matters, but it struck me as misleading.