My reading suggests that the main disagreements among the framers of the US Constitution (the "Founding Fathers" phrase is a bit too hagiographic for my taste) had to do with regional rivalry and the degree of centralization of power -- concerns which I wouldn't call modern as such, but could fairly be described as perennial. (Compare the modern urban vs. rural distinction, which drives most of the red vs. blue state divide.) Slavery factored into this, but mainly as a factor informing regional differences -- it wouldn't reach its ultimate apocalyptic nation-breaking significance until westward expansion had started in earnest and the abolition movement gained some steam. I'm unaware of any significant disputes over industrialization in early US politics.