I appreciate your responses, thanks.

I appreciate hearing that you appreciate them. :)

Boaler 1993 is another interesting discussion about the rules that people might use in order to decide what kind of skill or mental strategy might apply to a situation.

It argues that, because school math problems often require a student to ignore a lot of features that would be relevant if they were actually solving a similar problem in real life, they easily end up learning that "school math" is a weird and mysterious form of mathematics in which normal rules don't apply. As a result, while they might become capable of solving "school math" problems, this prevents them from actually applying the learnt knowledge in real life. They learn that school math problems require a mental strategy of school math, and that real-life math problems require an entirely different mental strategy.

Lave [1988] has suggested that the specific context within which a mathematical task is situated is capable of determining not only general performance but choice of mathematical procedure. Taylor [1989] illustrated this effect in a research study which compared students' responses to two questions on fractions: one asking the fraction of a cake that each child would get if it were shared equally between six, and one asking the fraction of a loaf if shared between five. One of the four students in Taylor's case study varied methods in response to the variation of the word, "cake" or "loaf". The cake was regarded as the student as a single entity which could be divided into sixths, whereas the loaf of bread was regarded as something that would always be divided into quite a lot of slices - the student therefore had to think of the bread as cut into a minimum of, say, ten slices with each person getting two-tenths of a loaf. [...]

One difficulty in creating perceptions of reality occurs when students are required to engage partly as though a task were real whilst simultaneously ignoring factors that would pertinent in the "real life version" of the task. [...] Wiliam [1990] cites a well known investigation which asks students to imagine a city with streets forming a square grid where police can see anyone within 100m of them; each policeman being able to watch 400m of street (see Figure 1.)

Students are required to work out the minimum number of police needed for different-sized grids. This task requires students to enter into a fantasy world in which all policemen see in discrete units of 100m and "for many students, the idea that someone can see 100 metres but not 110 metres is plainly absurd" [Wiliam, 1990; p30]. Students do however become trained and skillful at engaging in the make-believe of school mathematics questions at exactly the "right" level. They believe what they are told within the confines of the task and do not question its distance from reality. This probably contributes to students' dichotomous view of situations as requiring either school mathematics or their own methods. Contexts such as the above, intended to give mathematics a real life dimension, merely perpetuate the mysterious image of school mathematics.

Evidence that students often fail to engage in the "real world" aspects of mathematics problems as intended is provided by the US Third National Assessment of Educational Progress. In a question which asked the number of buses needed to carry 1128 soldiers, each bus holding 36 soldiers, the most frequent response was 31 remainder 12 [Schoenfeld, 1987; p37]. Maier [1991] explains this sort of response by suggesting that such problems have little in common with those faced in life: "they are school problems, coated with a thin veneer of 'real world' associations."