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CasioTheSane comments on Thermodynamics of Intelligence and Cognitive Enhancement - Less Wrong
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There can be damage or defects in the mitochondria that inhibit it's ability to respond to hormones, for example per-oxidation of cardiolipin. Cells don't always die when they have a mitochondrial defect. An extreme example is cancer, where there is major damage to the mitochondria, but the cells continue to live via anaerobic fermentation (aka the Warburg Effect).
Some review articles that talk about these theories:
Cancer as a metabolic disease: implications for novel therapeutics
Life and Death: Metabolic Rate, Membrane Composition, and Life Span of Animals
Role of cardiolipin peroxidation and Ca2+ in mitochondrial dysfunction and disease
Sure, but what's the prevalence of this kind of problems? Sugar and/or glucose can cause problems in a significant chunk of population, maybe even the majority. Are you saying all these people have damaged mitochondria?
I need to learn more about this, I don't have a strong belief. If I understand correctly, this is basically the idea behind the free radical theory of aging (FRTA). One interesting variant of that idea is in the article I linked above, which suggests that the focus should be on "mitochondrial membrane peroxidizability index" rather than antioxidant activity or free radical production.
It seems weird that sugar seems to cause problems in certain populations of people, but not others.