First I don't understand the distinction your drawing between "individual data" and presumably "group data" since the people with a particular qualification are a group and conversely skin color, say, is a property of an individual.

Back to the point: in the great-grandparent I was talking about affirmative action and the disparate impact. The logic of those is based on concluding that racism happened on the basis of disparate outcomes. This logic relies on the implicit premise that race isn't correlated with anything important. I don't see how anything you wrote in your two comments that addresses this issue.