Statistics/AI/meta-science:

• "Teachers and Income: What Did the Project STAR Kindergarten Study Really Find?"
• "The Small Schools Myth"
• "Online Controlled Experiments at Large Scale", Rohavi et al 2013 ("One interesting tidbit is that Bing found that every 100ms faster they deliver search result pages to searchers yields 0.6% more in revenue (which is a similar result to an old Amazon test).")
• "What does randomness look like?" (the classic statistics examples of Poisson distributions like V-bombs falling on London)
• "How Not to Be Misled by the Jobs Report" (Depicts the sampling error associated with each estimate by providing an animation showing repeated draws assuming the point-estimate is the ground truth. Good for showing you how easily 'patterns' show up with a few data points.)
• "Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures", Breiman 2001 (excerpts)
• Distributed vectors for image recognition from textual descriptions
• "Future progress in artificial intelligence: a poll among experts", Müller & Bostrom 2014
• "HeartMath Considered Incoherent"
• "Deep impact: unintended consequences of journal rank", Brembs et al 2013 (meta-science)

Psychology:

• "Humans are not automatically strategic"
• "Pre-Crastination: Hastening Subgoal Completion at the Expense of Extra Physical Effort", Rosenbaum et al 2014 (NYT)
• Poincaré on intuition in mathematics
• "Does incubation enhance problem-solving? A meta-analytic review", Sio & Ormerod (excerpts)
• "It Takes Guts To Do Research" (on Oppenheimer & missed opportunities)
• "Just think: The challenges of the disengaged mind", Wilson et al 2014 (excerpts)
• OkCupid experiments demonstrating shallowness in dating
• "On the trail of the elusive successful psychopath"
• "Cannabis, IQ and socio-economic status in the Dunedin data - an update"
• "Alcoholism in Antarctica"
• Suicide is highest in spring
• "Character amnesia...whereby experienced speakers of East Asian languages forget how to write Chinese characters previously well known"