You should look into TRIZ, which seems to be related to your idea

I hadn't heard of this and it's interesting. Thanks. In what context did you find it?

In statistics, there is a well known Bias–variance tradeoff, which affects a wide range of situations

I have it subsumed under Precision vs Simplicity; I'll make this explicit in the next iteration.

A general pattern. Some trade-offs are due to Berkson's paradox, because sometimes the situation we have is "prefiltered" by the past, and we can observe negative corellations between variables even though they are not intrinsically negatively correlated

Thanks, this is an interesting point, and one that I have thought about, see here.

r/k selection theory and quality vs quantity

I have these subsumed under Surely Some vs Maybe More; I'll make this explicit in the next iteration.