MathMage comments on Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality discussion thread, February 2015, chapters 105-107 - Less Wrong
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Actually, the exponentiation of ancestry proves that Salazar is the ancestor of everyone in Great Britain by the pigeonhole principle, except in your case where each of his descendants only has one child. That is an extreme outlier and not likely to happen, all things considered.
A recent paper shows that everyone who lived in Europe 1000 years ago is an ancestor of everyone living in Europe today (barring immigration of course):
Great Britain is a lot smaller than Europe as a whole, so it probably takes even less than 1000 years for this effect to work.
The pigeonhole principle doesn't say what you want it to. It guarantees that some ancestors will show up multiple times on everyone's trees; it does not guarantee or even suggest that every ancestor present on anyone's tree is present on everyone's trees.
That aside, it's not clear that the descendants of Salazar Slytherin would mix sufficiently with the rest of magical Britain in 1000 years of wizard generations (possibly longer than Muggle generations, given differing lifespans) for the paper's findings to apply. Running with general experimental assumptions is not effective for specific and extraordinary cases.