This is one of the central open problems in our branch of decision theory. TDT is actually even weaker: it allows to express acausal dependencies, but figuring out what acausally depends on what is not part of it. Thus, in Newcomb's problem, TDT doesn't really insist on constructing the correct causal graph with platonic agent in control, even though it informally lays out guidelines that suggest that particular graph to be a good idea (for example, two identical computations are not independent, hence causal decision theorist's graph is in error).
I suspect that ADT's take on things allows inferring dependencies between "similar" agents, just as it allows inferring acausal dependencies in Newcomb variants, but I don't understand this question, and maybe ADT needs modification to account for that. For example, there could be irreducible in practice logical uncertainty about the outcome, which happens to be the main factor in bargaining power or in the extent to which one should consider other slightly different agents controllable by your decisions.
Let's say you are interviewing a candidate for a job. In casual conversation, the candidate mentions that he is a member of a rather old and prestigious country club. You've never heard the name of the club before.
You look up the country club afterwards, and are surprised by what you read. The club refuses membership to homosexuals. It revokes the membership of couples who use birth control. Leadership positions are reserved to unmarried males.
The candidate is otherwise competent. Under what conditions would you hire him? Would you want a law passed banning hiring discrimination based on country club membership?
(The country club is analogous to a nicer version of the Catholic church. I left out a couple bad things.)
Religious discrimination is illegal in many parts of the world, and I think that's probably a good thing. Still, keeping this at the object level (no meta-rules or veils of ignorance) it seems to me that discriminating against religious people is fine. I'm curious what other people think.