I didn't invent it, and it is in fact inspired by the mindfulness meditation that is part of certain kinds of Zen practice (caveat: I am not even a plausible approximation of a Zen scholar; I just take what suits me and leave the rest behind).

As I understand it, there are lots of schools of CBT out there; what they share in common is a focus on addressing the thoughts that underlie our emotional reactions to events. The argue-with-yourself approach you describe here seems consistent with that, though I'd be surprised if it were endorsed by all CBT schools.