The best research on work-out composition I've found so far is this survey: http://www.motleyhealth.com/strength/weight-training-intensity-or-volume-for-bigger-muscles (links to the studies at the bottom).
This study supports the use of protein supplements but falsifies the hypothesis that timing matters: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478342
I'm looking for resources on effective weight training for the purpose of physique building. It's an area with a particularly poor signal to noise ratio so I would value pointers from other rationalists. The kinds of questions I would like to answer are:
Edit: I'm vegetarian, and I now realise this is rather important to answers to point three. So far the only supplement I've been taking is soy protein.