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NancyLebovitz comments on Ontologial Reductionism and Invisible Dragons - Less Wrong Discussion
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Here's a line of argument which doesn't fall into your three categories. I have no idea whether it's completely honest.
Judaism is as Judaism does. In other words, if you want to know what Judaism is, look at actual Jewish behavior first, and then if you like make some predictions so that you can update.
The conquest of Canaan was a long time ago. While, to put it mildly, there are some contentious issues associated with the Israeli treatment of Palestinians, even the most Orthodox aren't recommending or engaging in anything as horrific as that quote from Leviticus. (OK, I don't know this with absolute certainty, but I'm willing to bet one minus something close to epsilon that if it were happening, it would get back to me.)
Just because it says on the label that Judaism is about the absolute G-d-given truth (in some sense) of the Torah, it doesn't mean that's exactly what Judaism is about. This does make it a lot harder to figure out what's going on, but people stuff is like that.
Does this unpack to "Judaism whatever people who claim to be Jewish do"? Or is there some other standard available to determine what particular subset of the observable behavior in the world is "what Judaism does"?
Pretty much that, though I'd amend it to "Judaism is whatever people who claim to be Jewish do that they say is part of their religion." Deli food is Jewish, but not Judaism.
I admit I want some consensus exceptions for Jews for Jesus (from what I'm told, actually Baptists) and Christian Identity (white supremacists who claim to be the only Jews).
(nods) OK, understood. I'm not sure that's a particularly informative place to carve, but it's at least coherent.
I understand why, though I wonder how viable that is. I mean, sure, it's probably true that approximately all non-JfJ soi-disant Jews agree that the JfJ are no more Jews than the Jehovah's Witnesses are. Then again, it's also probably true that approximately all haredim would agree to something similar about Reform Jews. And as long as we're ignoring some people's self-labeling, I'd sort of like to put in for an exception excluding the haredim, come to that; I'm a Jew, but I don't do what they do.
Which I guess is OK, it just leads to lots of different mutually exclusive things to which the label "Judaism" applies, and the need to resolve what Judaism we're talking about before the conversation gets too far. Which happens a lot with language anyway.
Thinking about this some more, I am interested in your thoughts about the difference between "Judaism is whatever people who claim to be Jewish do that they say is part of their religion" and "Judaism is whatever people who claim to be Jewish do that people who don't claim to be Jewish don't do."
The latter has some interesting properties, but I'm not sure if they're valuable ones from the perspective of wanting to preserve a coherent notion of Jewish identity.