Perhaps one could adapt some of the work in what intelligence tests miss. For those that have the book: there is a chapter titled "How many ways can thinking go wrong? A Taxonomy of Irrational thinking tendencies and their relation to intelligence". That would give us the categories "heuristics", "lack of knowledge" and "wrong knowledge". The categories about knowledge could be further divided into academic fields such as probability theory, logic, language, psychology.
Following http://lesswrong.com/lw/bwo/logical_fallacy_poster/ some people complained about
Yet this poster has ONE key difference with the ideal poster, it exists.
If it sparks criticisms that lead to a new, LessWrong compatible poster, then it is well worth the critics.
The obvious next step then is to make a poster that would allow to take into account such well founded suggestion and synthesize the LessWrong lessons visually.
In your opinion then what would be a good structure, e.g. a hierarchy of fallacies, and a design theme?