This is also a huge epidemiological study that showed lower cholesterol INCREASED risk for death from cardiovascular disease in women. In men, cholesterol and death followed a U-shaped curve, so men with the highest and lowest cholesterol were at increased risk for death. Of course, with the caveat that this is also not a randomized trial and thus not quality evidence, it does call into question whether the increase in cholesterol seen in the 1st study was a good thing or a bad thing.
We have higher quality data from randomized trials that show Statins, which lower cholesterol, don't reduce mortality when used for primary prevention.
This seems like an authoritative 25-year research project that the Atkins diet is pretty bad:
http://www.nutritionj.com/content/11/1/40/abstract
Right now my belief is that the Atkins diet is good. It's backed by anecdotal evidence of trying a low-carb diet for 18 months following a 12-month low-fat diet and seemingly getting better results with the low-carb diet.
I'm counting on LWers to tell me how to update my belief in light of this study. Thanks.