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Decius comments on Taking "correlation does not imply causation" back from the internet - Less Wrong Discussion
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That's because you have cause and effect reversed: The extra effort causes the gold stars, not the other way around.
No, the gold stars cause extra effort after they are given out. This is part of the hypothetical.
The pupils work harder after they are given a gold star because they see their good work is appreciated. But if the gold stars are given out willy-nilly, then the pupils no longer feel proud to get one, and so they lose their ability to make students work harder.
As Robert Lucas would put it, the relationship is not robust to changes in the policy regime.