Obvious answer: humans are very, very good at figuring out what's in the environment and how it is going to behave. They've got multiple tools for this - vision and visual processing, hearing and auditory processing, smell, and basic logical inference (eg, the last three times the bush was rustling, there was a tiger in there, and the bush is rustling, therefore there's probably a tiger in there). Another couple concrete examples are tracking the flight of a baseball, or the expected outcome of throwing a football. Frankly, pretty much any sport activity is a great example of how to turn information into actions that maximize a result.
In my experience, humans aren't that good at "tracking the flight of a baseball, or the expected outcome of throwing a football" intuitively.
In baseball for instance, it's common for outfielders to misjudge the flight of a ball coming in their general direction if they base their judgement solely off the ball's trajectory. Fielders are taught to get aquainted with the different sounds the ball makes when it hits the bat in order to better judge the initial velocity of the ball. They are also taught to error on the side of caution -- taking a step...
I was just wondering. Human minds are messed up in 1001 ways, but are there a few rational principles that most people already have down? Of course, the answers to this question are probably so extremely obvious that I haven't even considered them. But I ask all the same.