Some big ideas that occur to me, from a systems point of view:
The notion of hiding implementation behind interfaces.
The notion of functional layering -- that if the system offers some limited set of features, you can implement other features purely in terms of those lower-level features. This is a key idea behind modern networks.
The notion of building reliable systems out of unreliable parts, using redundancy and retries. This is the key technique in such varied systems as RAID, TCP/IP and MapReduce.
The notion of enforcing safety properties in a programming language. The big insight of programming language design is that you can make it impossible for some mistakes to arise in a given language.
I never actually read SICP so I can't comment on which of those ideas are in the book.
In my mind the first two bullet points are under (g) (I may have been too abstract in my description of (g), but what I had in mind would include both of these).
I'm a theoretical physics (quantum computing) grad student. I really like what I do, and would like to continue doing it for a long time.
But I'm aware that the job market in academia for freshly minted physics PhDs is not spectacular. For personal reasons, I may not be able to go through the post-doc treadmill and I might want to make good money. Thus: programming & finance. I currently lean towards programming.
I thought LW is a good place to ask for advice related to this.
Current skills: Good at math, definitely not "gifted". I know C++, and some Python; neither inside out. I don't know specific techniques to design good algorithms for problems. For example, I tried my hand a few times at programming contests (including those at small scales) and got my ass handed to me. I've only taken basic college courses in programming.
I'm not very aware of the skills tested in quant interviews. I'm sure googling and talking to a few people will fix this, but please feel free to add your thoughts.
I have about a couple of years left till I graduate, so I can do this properly: What is the best way to make sure that when I graduate I can easily take a job in software or finance after the PhD? Looking for the most bang-for-the-buck (the buck here being time and money) way to do this.
Also, I may have blinders on. Are there other well-paying jobs out there for physics PhDs? I'm not an American citizen, so many of the government/government-funded lab jobs are out of the question.
Thanks in advance.
Some resources I've identified:
1. USACO training gateway.
2. SICP. (How much is it worth going through this?)
3. Cracking the Coding Interview.