gwern comments on June 2014 Media Thread - Less Wrong Discussion
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What you can write determines how fast it will run. If you don't have green threads, but must use OS-level threads, that's going to be a problem. If you have to be constantly locking because of mutability and can't use STM, that's going to be a problem. And yes, correctness does matter so that's a problem too.
Fast lock-free thread-safe mutable data structures (eg ConcurentLinkedQueue) have been written in languages like Java (and apparently even C++ but I'm less familiar).
Also, STM isn't necessarily much better than locks in practice eg quick Googled example: http://nbronson.github.io/scala-stm/benchmark.html (Don't know how the Haskell equivalent compares)
(where "medium" granularity locks were just as good perf. wise and STM's GC pressure was higher)