Some of these forces/motivations are biologically hardwired -- almost all humans have them and they are mostly invariant among different cultures.
You appear to be implying that all (or nearly all) motivations that are hardwired are universal and vice versa, neither of which seems obvious to me.
You appear to be implying that all (or nearly all) motivations that are hardwired are universal and vice versa, neither of which seems obvious to me.
Hm. I would think that somewhere between many and most of the universal terminal motivations are hardwired. I am not sure why would they be universal otherwise (similar environment can produce similar responses but I don't see why would it produce similar motivations).
And in reverse, all motivations hardwired into Homo sapiens should be universal since the humanity is a single species.
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