This has the problem that beliefs with a large inferential distance won't get stated.

Is it useful to have beliefs with a large inferential distance stated without supporting evidence? Given that the inferential distance is large, I'm not going to be able to figure it out on my own am I? At least having a sketch of an argument would be useful. The more you fill in the argument, the more minds you change and the more upvotes you get.

The rest of your points seem to boil down to the old irrationality game rule of downvote if you agree, upvote if you disagree.

"Upvote if the comment caused you to change your mind" is not the same thing as "upvote if you disagree".

Another idea, which kinda seems to be getting adopted in this thread already: have a short note at the bottom of every comment right above the vote buttons reminding people of the voting behavior for the thread, to counteract instinctive voting.