Whether one counts anything in psychology as satisfying the former or not, I think depends on where one draws the line between psychology and neurology. There are certainly things we've discovered about how the brain works that tell us things about the thought processes of every human, but one might argue that these fall under the purview of neurology, and not psychology.

Depends on whether "Each one works pretty much every time" means a phenomenon which works on pretty much every individual on pretty much every occasion, or a phenomenon which can simply be replicated reliably given a big enough sample.

Definitely the former. Each one, every time. The world around us is filled with such things, yet when it comes to the study of anything to do with living organisms, people dismiss the idea as "physics envy", a concept which makes no more sense than "separate magisteria", and serves the same function.