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Squark comments on Identity and quining in UDT - Less Wrong Discussion
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Hi V_V, thx for commenting!
In a Newcomb-like problem, Omega copies the agent and runs it many times to measure the decision distribution. It then penalizes the agent if the distribution matches an explicitly given one. Such a problem is easily solved by the agent since it knows which distribution to avoid.
In an anti-Newcomb-like problem, Omega measures the distribution produced by XDT and compares it with the agent's decision. It then penalizes the agent according to the likelihood of its decision in the distribution. However, if XDT produces a uniform distribution, all agents do equally well.
A trickier diagonalization is a hybrid Newcomb-anti-Newcomb (NAN) problem. Omega copies the agent and runs it multiple times to measure the distribution. It then compares the result with a similar procedure applied to XDT and penalizes the agent if there is a close match.
Now, the NAN diagonalization can be solved if we assume the agent has access to random bits which are common between all of its copies but inaccessible by the rest of the universe (Omega). This assumption can be interpreted to mean the precursor gives the agent a randomly generated "password" before Omega copies it.
Sure, but this defeats the purpose of Omega being a predictor.
Not really. The idea is looking for a decision theory that performs optimally a natural class of problems which is as wide as possible. CDT is optimal for action-determined problems, UDT is supposed to be optimal for decision-determined problems. Allowing this use of randomness still leaves us with a class of problems much wider than action-determined: for example the Newcomb problem!