"Long-Term Outcomes Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood and Adolescence: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study of a Wide Range of Medical and Social Outcomes", Sariaslan et al 2016, is a population registry study which reports within-family correlations adjust for education about various negative outcomes with 1 or more diagnosed TBIs representing 9.1% of the population (their twin sample was too small); within-family studies control for tons of the usual confounders (and indeed the correlations are smaller than if you had used the general population) and are probably close to the causal effect (possibly underestimating it since so many TBIs go unreported).
TBI is common enough that the effects are large on a population-wide basis:
We found that the crude population contributions of TBI explained approximately...2%–6% of the population differences in the outcomes. The strongest population attributable risks were found for the severe outcomes, including psychiatric inpatient hospitalisation (PAF = 5.5%; 4.9%–6.1%), premature mortality (PAF = 4.7%; 2.9%–6.5%), and disability pension (PAF = 4.6%; 3.8%–5.3%).
Interestingly, the effects of TBI get worse with age: the youngest age bracket (despite having lots of falls) has the smallest RRs while they increase especially for adolescents. (This was the opposite of what I expected.)
They find RRs of:
disability pension: 1.49
Psychiatric visit: 1.31
Psychiatric hospitalization: 1.57
Premature mortality (death age <41): 1.40
Highschool dropout: 1.28
On means-tested welfare benefits: 1.19
So the undiscounted cost of 1 nonfatal TBI for a 10yo (why 10yo? so they have time to drop out of highschool) in Swedish America would be something like:
(0.039*1.49 -0.039)*1300000 + ? + ? (0.008*1.40 - 0.008)*3.147*50000 + (0.089*1.28 - 0.089)*250000 + (0.115*1.19 - 0.115)*31720 = >\$32,269
For the 30yo
(0.039*1.49 -0.039)*1300000 + ? + ? (0.008*1.40 - 0.008)*3.09*50000 + (0.115*1.19 - 0.115)*31720 = >\$26,030.482
Unfortunately, hard to see how to do much about this. The top category of TBI is normals falls, cars, then assaults, then miscellaneous: https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.docx
An estimated average of 595,095 are fall-related TBIs, 292,202 motor vehicle traffic TBIs, 279,882 struck by or against events, and 169,625 assault-related TBIs occurred annually....Struck by or struck against events are those in which a person was struck unintentionally by another person or an object, such as falling debris or a ball in sports, or that someone struck against an object, such as a wall or another person. For this report, only unintentional and undetermined struck by or struck against events were included. Struck by or struck against events related to assaults (for example, being struck by a fist) are in the assault category. Struck by or struck against events were only reported for all ages because small sample sizes precluded reporting them for all three data sources (NHAMCS, NHDS and NVSS)
For 30yos, cars are 40% of TBIs, falls are 2.7% of TBIs, assault is 19% of TBIs, struck by by or against is 0.7%, and the ominous 'other' is 37%. So while we can probably ignore the 'assault' due simply to demographics (I suspect most readers here have low risk of crime), and car travel represents a fairly focused area of intervention, the 'other' can't be fixed except by always wearing a helmet, which would be difficult if only for social reasons.
A 2006 study showed that “280,000 people in the U.S. receive a motor vehicle induced traumatic brain injury every year” so you would think that wearing a helmet while driving would be commonplace. Race car drivers wear helmets. But since almost no one wears a helmet while driving a regular car, you probably fear that if you wore one you would look silly, attract the notice of the police for driving while weird, or the attention of another driver who took your safety attire as a challenge. (Car drivers are more likely to hit bicyclists who wear helmets.)
The $30+shipping Crasche hat is designed for people who should wear a helmet but don’t. It looks like a ski cap, but contains concealed lightweight protective material. People who have signed up for cryonics, such as myself, would get an especially high expected benefit from using a driving helmet because we very much want our brains to “survive” even a “fatal” crash. I have been using a Crasche hat for about a week.