gjm comments on What is up with carbon dioxide and cognition? An offer - Less Wrong Discussion
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And they also vary CO2 levels systematically by geography as well; if that was enough for a detectable effect on IQ, then the lower CO2 levels around Denver should make the rest of us at lower altitudes, such as sea level, look obviously handicapped. If you believe the altitude point refutes effects of oxygen, then it must refute effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as well...
Which is part of my original point about implausible effect sizes: the causal effect is underidentified, but whether it's oxygen or CO2 or nitrogen, it is so large that we should be able to see its repercussions all over in things like the weather (or altitude, yes).
It seems possible (I know of no evidence for or against) that human bodies adapt slowly to differences in O2 and CO2 level. In that case, newcomers to Denver might be smarter or stupider for a while, but after (say) a few months they might be back to baseline, but short-term fluctuations (e.g., sitting for a few hours in an office with slightly depleted O2 and slightly raised O2) could still have detectable cognitive effects.