Everything is heritable:

• "Genome-wide association study identifies 74 [162] loci associated with educational attainment", Okbay et al 2016 (excerpts)

• Human evolution:

  • "Detection of human adaptation during the past 2,000 years", Field et al 2016 (commentary)
  • "Population structure of UK Biobank and ancient Eurasians reveals adaptation at genes influencing blood pressure", Galinsky et al 2016 (Biobank - the gift that keeps on giving. The genetic revolution continues.)
  • "Quantitative Genetics in the Postmodern Family of the Donor Sibling Registry", Lee 2013 (maternal selection of sperm donors for height increases offspring height as much as predicted by heritability estimates+breeder's equation)
  • "Genetic evidence for natural selection in humans in the contemporary United States", Beauchamp 2016
  • "Gene Flow by Selective Emigration as a Possible Cause for Personality Differences Between Small Islands and Mainland Populations", Ciani & Cialuppi 2011 (excerpts)

• pleiotropy:

  • "Genetic link between family socioeconomic status and children's educational achievement estimated from genome-wide SNPs", Krapohl & Plomin 2016 (excerpts)
  • "LD Hub: a centralized database and web interface to perform LD score regression that maximizes the potential of summary level GWAS data for SNP heritability and genetic correlation analysis", Zheng et al 2016 (Web interface to scores of GWAS results, allowing combined inference over them all: LD Hub. Gets around privacy & scaling problems by using, not GCTA, but LD regression which only needs summary statistics. LD score regression is definitely the wave of the future. GCTA was king for a few years, but the inability to use summary data is killing it; in the modern context of a thousand different funding sources, 'medical ethics', & empire building driving countless genetic silos, a method must be able to work on just summary statistics if it's to have any real uptake and get n into the hundreds of thousands.)
  • "Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 40 human traits", Pickrell et al 2015
  • "An Atlas of Genetic Correlations across Human Diseases and Traits", Bulik-Sullivan et al 2015
  • "Genetic contributions to self-reported tiredness", Deary et al 2016 (GCTA estimate is not too impressive, but the pleiotropy is interesting. What do you get when you sum a lot of weakly correlated variables? A giant difference.) c- "Schizophrenia and subsequent neighborhood deprivation: revisiting the social drift hypothesis using population, twin and molecular genetic data", Sariaslan et al 2016 (good use of polygenic scores for confirmation)
• "The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals", Simonti et al 2016
• "The MC1R Gene and Youthful Looks", Liu et al 2016
• "Molecular genetic contributions to self-rated health", Harris et al 2016 (I love how you can ask people something as super-vague as 'do you think you're in good health' and you still get noticeable heritabilities and disease-related hits with a big enough dataset like Biobank.)

Politics/religion:

• "Gods and Gamma" on "'God has sent me to you': Right temporal epilepsy, left prefrontal psychosis", Arzy & Schurr 2016 (an EEG recording of a messianic religious conversion experience!)
• "At Tampa Bay farm-to-table restaurants, you're being fed fiction" (Qui vult decipi decipiatur.)

AI:

• "One-shot Learning with Memory-Augmented Neural Networks", Santoro et al 2016
• "Programming with a Differentiable Forth Interpreter", Riedel et al 2016
• "FractalNet: Ultra-Deep Neural Networks without Residuals", Larsson 2016
• "Artistic style transfer for videos", Ruder et al 2016 (video demonstration; I particularly like the inkwash-style footage at the end)
• "Deep Reinforcement Learning: Pong from Pixels"
• SSC book review: Robin Hanson's Age of Em

Statistics/meta-science:

• "What should we learn from past AI forecasts?"
• "Jeffreys' Substitution Posterior for the Median: A Nice Trick to Non-parametrically Estimate the Median"

Psychology/biology:

• "When Lightning Strikes Twice: Profoundly Gifted, Profoundly Accomplished", Makel et al 2016 (Intelligence increases success as high as it can be measured; diminishing returns!=zero returns... This replicates the SMPY results in a separate TIP sample.)
• "Dogs Test Drug [rapamycin] Aimed at Humans' Biggest Killer: Age"
• "Effect of Calorie Restriction on Mood, Quality of Life, Sleep, and Sexual Function in Healthy Nonobese Adults: The CALERIE 2 Randomized Clinical Trial", Martin et al 2016
• "Could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor?", Jonas & Kording 2016 (Very amusing followup to "Can a biologist fix a radio?")
• "Continuous evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins overcomes insect resistance", Badran et al 2016
• "Physical Activity, Sleep, and Nutrition Do Not Predict Cognitive Performance in Young and Middle-Aged Adults", Gijselaers et al 2016
• "A Second Year of Spaced Repetition Software in the Classroom"

Technology:

• "Beaver: A Decentralized Anonymous Marketplace with Secure Reputation", Soska et al 2016 (discussion)
• "The Mastermind" (In depth series about international criminal mastermind Paul Le Roux who ran his group online while ordering hits on employees using mercenaries and smuggling drug until he is captured and becomes a USG asset to entrap his employees and assist who knows what covert operations. Oh, and he created TrueCrypt. His story is even wilder than Ross Ulbricht's.)
• "How Harry Brearley's Stubborn Insistence Gave Us Knives That Don't Rust" (see also multiple discovery)
• "Have I Been Pwned?" (service for looking up whether email addresses are linked to past hacks, and subscribing to alerts)

Economics:

• "Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics", Baade & Matheson 2016 (The case against the Olympics. Too late for Brazil, though, but others can learn from that debacle.)
• "Results of an international drug testing service for cryptomarket users", Caudevilla et al 2016 (excerpts)
• "Railway Paradise: How a Fine-Dining Empire Made the Southwest Palatable to Outsiders" (statistical discrimination vs taste discrimination: profiting from sexism)

Fiction:

• "Spring and Fall", by Gerard Manley Hopkins