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A New Form of Social Withdrawal in Japan: A Review of Hikikomori
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886853/
"hikikomori has become a silent epidemic with tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of cases now estimated in Japan. The differential diagnosis includes anxiety and personality disorders, but current nosology in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders may not adequately capture the concept of hikikomori. Treatment strategies are varied and lack a solid evidence basis,"
"A lifestyle centered at home No interest or willingness to attend school or work Persistence of symptoms beyond six months Schizophrenia, mental retardation or other mental disorders have been excluded Among those with no interest or willingness to attend school or work, those who maintain personal relationships (e.g., friendships) have been excluded."